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"If you watch TV, do not watch the news. Rather than look Paperissima, Striscia la Notizia, True."

Ceddia (substitute):" ... but you have to be quiet: I have little ability to concentrate and to correct my little things and my testing I need not make noise. "
Guinea." You can go to the little bar. "

Privitera:" We give her arm and she took the leg! "

Cozzi (a Scagnelli):" Professor, there is a limit to everything. "

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...

Cozzi: "There are electric shavers with the comb, There are also combs 45 cm "

Bramley:" Take off your preconceptions, Leopard is not 'A Misfortune. "
Cozzi:" One who is always looking and never fails to do what he wants as he calls it? "
Bramati "romantic."

Raimondi: "A brother, Charles, was a nerds ..."
Bramati (exasperated): "No. There are none of the nerds in this family! "
Raimondi:" All right! not if no one slipped by, he became overcome by the cripple. "

Verga:" Do you know the thing that pisses me off? That means I always vote in philosophy. So my questions later. I do not want to ask me later! "

Bramati (The "she" 's Infinite Leopardi): "It's not a woman."
Cases: "It '... or are there certain interpretations?"
Bramley: "It 's grammar."

Bramley: "Progress is not always good. Hitler is no better than Aristotle ..."
Guinea: "It depends on your point of view ..."

Scagnelli: "No, okay, sorry, lost!"
Cozzi: "She is truly an amazing thing. Once I wrote what she does on the blackboard was wrong!"

Scagnelli "Zanvit, Verga, Fenaroli [distantissimo latter, ndp], stop petting Antinori!"

Raimondi: "Professor, can pull up the blinds?"
Scagnelli (babies and by lowering the casino): "Now you see us?"

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Introduction

for animal testing means the experiment for study and research conducted on laboratory animals (eg within the pharmacological, physiological, pathophysiological, biomedical, biological) that aim to identify potentially harmful substances / toxic to humans present in medicine and in general substances tested. The experiments may be of different types, the most common test is to ensure that the sample on a specific animal diseases and to test the reaction to medications and other therapeutic practices. They can be administered, for example chemicals, bacteria and viruses. The test animals may be exposed to radiation or subjected to mutilation of various kinds.

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The terms animal testing and vivisection indicate similar practices. However you use use it with a more negative value as a source of pain and torture on live animals and often do not anesthetized.

exploitation of animals in laboratory experiments has always been a controversial practice. As we can not ignore the fact that they have had role in the development of scientific research, the ethical question is very strong.

These practices are in fact perceived by many as unnecessary and useless violence to medical progress and scientific.

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History

The first references to the use of animals for scientific purposes can be traced back to Aristotle in the treatise on the Parts of Animals describes in detail the interior and exterior of all animal species, based on dissections of animals .

In the third century BC, the practice of dissection and vivisection on animals is intensified with the medical school of Alexandria.

Galen can be considered one of the most important doctors of antiquity. He led in the second century dissection and vivisection on a number of animal species (monkeys, pigs, cows, elephants, mice, and even cold-blooded animals) as forbade the church to dissect human cadavers.

Since the Renaissance, medicine became an increasingly wide use of animal experimentation in vivo for the study of physiological functions, a field where the autopsies were not human enough. Andreas Vesalius, anatomist and physician, said pigs living on the functioning of nerves. The searches were conducted on the blood circulation for a long time by many scholars on various animal species: Colombo practiced vivisection on dogs to study the pulmonary circulation, and W. Harvey came to an understanding of the mechanism 'through dissection and vivisection of animals of different species.

last two decades 800, Louis Pasteur proved the germ theory of medicine by giving some anthrax in sheep by running the experiment result to demonstrate the effectiveness of vaccination, and about ten years after Ivan Pavlov used dogs to describe his theory of conditioned reflex.

Insulin was isolated for the first time in dogs in 1922, revolutionizing the treatment of diabetes. In 1967

Barnard, South African surgeon, made the first human heart transplant in the world.

To arrive at this result experienced revolutionary years of heart transplantation in animals performing the operation on more than 50 dogs and monkeys.

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In the seventies, multi-drug antibiotic treatments for leprosy were developed through testing of armadillos. In 1996 Dolly the sheep was the first living cloned from an adult cell.

In 2007 the American geneticist Mario Capecchi, Martin Evans and colleagues along with Oliver Smithies, won the Nobel Prize for Medicine for his studies on embryonic stem cells. The research of three scientists have led us to define the technique of gene targeting. The technique has been developed through the experiments on the knockout mouse, a genetically modified mouse in which some genes are rendered inoperative, and was then isolated (knocked out) by the body to which they belong.

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Vision of scary

Cozzi (Z to doing funny on my desk): "It 's the mark of Zorro."
Rain (perhaps meaning the Sgt Garcia): "Now I'm Sancho Panza!

Scampi (absent on): "But the events and Raimondi?"
Cozzi: "Dunno, I just know that there are."
Scampi: "It 's a couple of escape?"

Scagnelli: "You will see how you can think of Lady Gaga while you check for six hours ..."

Raimondi: "Accept volunteers?"
Scagnelli: "Yes!"
Raimondi: "Good. Somebody wants to ...?"

Piroddi: "Where have you hidden my backpack, Satan's ugly shit? "

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is still needed today animal testing?

Medical research has always used animals for testing new surgical techniques, following the evolution of disease organisms on animals to better understand the mechanisms of attack on the human body and test new drugs.

Despite great advances in medicine many, even within the scientific community began to have doubts about the usefulness of all experiments performed and the legality of exploitation of living beings.

Many other distinguished scientists are fighting for a greater respect for animals, considering the experiment in some cases necessary.

Reasons Favorable

within the scientific community who supports the use of animal research , said today that without it would not be able to cure many diseases and there are not many drugs currently on the market.

All living Nobel prizes for medicine, in fact, acknowledged that medical research has drawn great benefits use of laboratory animals.
The technique of gene targeting (Mario Capecchi, Martin Evans and Oliver Smiethiers), for example, is used today by researchers around the world to "build" in mice with mutations in the genes inserted. The researcher can select which gene is known as change. Queta technology is also assuming importance of studies on cancer, on many diseases and in clinical medicine.

Animal experimentation and its merits were examined by a UK study undertaken by the Weatherall committee, commissioned by the Royal Society, the Medical Research Council, the Wellcome Trust and the Academy of Medical Sciences, has identified both scientific and moral motivation for the experiments conducted on monkeys for research purposes.

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Sir David Weatherall, a former geneticist at Oxford University and lead author of the report, said that in some cases the use of primates Human remains the only way to answer important scientific questions because other animals such as mice are not sufficiently similar to humans.

"Is there a scientific reason behind the careful research and strictly regulated conducted on non-human primates, at least for the foreseeable future, provided that it continues to be the only way to solve major scientific and medical issues that remain and the high standards of welfare, "he said.

The committee also said that three diseases, like malaria, AIDS and TB can be tackled best through which vaccines can be developed and validated in terms of security only by means of experimentation on monkeys.

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Silvio Garattini Scientist and director of the Institute of Pharmacological Research Mario Negri in Milan, said:

"There is now no option but the use of animals if you want to have models of human disease on which test new forms of therapy.

If we look at the history of medicine we find that any significant finding which has proved very practical for man has been through the use of animals. Today we would not have vaccines, drugs and surgery the same organ transplants where previously there had been no adequate animal testing. " ( article www.focus.it )

The reasons against

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antivivisection According to animal testing in addition to not serve in some cases have even slowed down medical progress .

Cases of incorrect trials, in fact, are numerous.

One can cite, for example, the case of thalidomide. This is a drug that was sold in the '50s and '60s as a sedative, anti-nausea, pointing especially to pregnant women. Was withdrawn from sale at the end of 1961 following the discovery of the teratogenicity of one of its components. Women treated with thalidomide were giving birth to deformed babies. In 1973

spray isoproterenol killed thousands of asthmatics.

Both drugs were put on the market after tests on animals that had negative results.

In 2009, the Mediator medicine for the treatment of diabetes and obesity was withdrawn from the market because it would result in France between 500 and 1000 deaths.

Other substances such as smoke, asbestos, arsenic, benzene and wool are harmless to animals but harmful to humans.

Hence the problem of generalizability the results: if any animal species is quite similar to humans this means that the final testing is done on the latter and annulling the sacrifice of millions of animals.

addition, the stress they are subjected to laboratory animals invalidate the results of experiments by making them unreliable. This explains why the same experiment performed on animals of the same species but in different laboratories often gives different results.

Finally, the tests conducted on animals provide coverage to legal protection in cases of pharmaceutical harmful effects on humans of the drug entered the market.
Umberto Veronesi, researcher, and medical oncologist, dedicates his book "A caress to heal," an important chapter to animal testing. He strongly opposed the violence and the aberrations on living organisms with a nervous system and thus able to feel pain and suffering, stressed the need to take ethical behavior toward animals. He argued that there are now alternative methods, thus taking the reverse position to the animal testing laboratory, which should be kept to a minimum, has been active in animal rights, preaching, among other things, like a vegetarian diet is best for preserve our body from diseases and disorders.

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How Veronesi. other distinguished scientists, doctors and scholars have sided with the animals to advertise but many other alternative forms useful to the progress in scientific research, medical, medication. Recall, for example, Margherita Hack, astrophysics and science, which was recently activated as a result of new European legislation in relation to animal testing, disseminating a petition opposed to it and taking the side of the animals.

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Alternatives

for "alternative method" means all procedures that reduce (or even replace) the animal experimentation but also to limit their suffering. A

suggest this possibility was the law of the 3 R developed by Russell and Burch to make more ethically acceptable animal testing.

1) replacement (replacement): Identifies the substitution, where possible, animals with less complex biological materials (bacteria, cell cultures, isolated organs, in vitro), computer models, videos, movies,

2 ) Reduction (reduction): implies the largest possible reduction in the number of animals used for achieving a particular experiment also study results as accurate. This can be achieved by standardizing the animal population which is the main factor of variability of results;

3) Refining (refinement): refers to the search for ever more specific experimental procedures can minimize the pain and stress caused to animals used;

biological methods:

This category includes all the "in vitro methods for testing of new drugs. There are two methods to study in vitro, parts of bodies living:

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1) maintained in vitro: It consists in extracting from the animal (human or nonhuman) The relevant part (pieces tissue, organs, whole apparatus) and keeping the cells in a position to survive but not reproduce;

2) In vitro culture: This consists of taking small pieces of tissue and place immediately in an appropriate environment for not only the survival of cells but also their reproduction;

non-organic methods

With the advent of technology all data of the experiments are stored in the computer and analyzed using mathematical and statistical procedures, the results will be expressed in numbers, graphs, or words. In addition, computer simulations can predict the biological effects of some compounds and also monitor the interactions between different organs and tissues, with the previously reported biological methods would not be able to assess;

The epidemiology and statistics prove to be effective in the study of diseases. While epidemiology studies the frequency and distribution of epidemic phenomena (diseases) in the population, statistics is concerned with the processing of numerical data derived from a group of individuals (often at a relatively specific disease in reference to a given area);

Modern imaging techniques (eg CT and MRI) are used in the study of human brain instead of experiments on primates.

addition, computer simulations of experiments are able to provide, through mathematical models and software, the biological effects of some chemicals.

In some areas, the animals have already been completely replaced as in the case of crash testing and teaching (where you use models, videos, cell culture etc.)..

As for the toxicity testing in the cosmetics industry, the use of animals will be banned completely in 2013.

However, not all methods without animal testing will be used as provided by law, but only if they are valid, that is declared reliable (reproducible in time and in different laboratories) and relevant (relevance and usefulness of the procedure).

The validation process required by European legislation, lengthy and complex, have slowed the introduction and spread of possible alternative approaches.

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Legislation in Italy

In the field of animal testing the most significant laws in Italy were basically the following:

• Legislative Decree No 27 January 1992 116 (Official Gazette of February 18, 1992 No. 40) "governing the protection of animals used for experimental and other scientific purposes. Restricts experimentation to cases where it is not possible to obtain the result sought, use another method that is scientifically valid.

• Law No. 413 of October 12, 1993 (OJ No. 244 of October 16, 1993) "Rules on conscientious objection to animal experimentation." Citizens who, in obedience to conscience In exercise of the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion recognized by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, to oppose violence against all living beings, they can declare their conscientious objection to any measure related to animal experimentation (Article 1 ) .

• Law 189/2004 " provisions concerning the prohibition of cruelty to animals, as well as use of these competitions in fighting illegal or unauthorized."

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The new European legislation

September 8, 2010 was approved the new European Directive on animal testing.

This first "improve" the former on some points:

- is encouraged to develop alternative methods;

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- projects testing must obtain a special permit;

- each year are planned inspections of facilities where trials take place;

- use of "humane" by removing the animals used in tests with the method as painless as possible,

- reintegration of animals still in good condition in special centers. On the other hand

it adds a lot of controversial points such as:

- ability to use stray animals;

- ability to use endangered species getting them in kind;

- possibility of use of great apes;

- possibility of some experiments that require no anesthesia;

- can be reused several times the same animal for more tests.

This has naturally led to intense debate, both within the scientific community itself, both between scientists, public and animal rights.

This law, which many expected as a turning point, is therefore "better" or "worse" than the previous one in order to protect the species used for experiments?

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European public opinion is quite divided on the fact that scientists can experiment on animals, even if this leads to benefits for human health. On this question, 44% of respondents in EU-27 agree and 37% of respondents disagree with high differences between countries.

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The Review of European cosmetics and animal testing animal

The tests performed to test the products of the cosmetics industry is one that raises more ethical questions.

Directive 2003/15/EC established a framework oriented towards the gradual elimination of animal testing in the cosmetics industry.

Indeed, with regard to testing finished products on the ban was implemented in 2005.

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Since 2009 it is forbidden to sell cosmetics tested on animals and today to assess the safety of products such as, for example, creams, soaps , tricks you use non-animal toxicity tests.

validation of alternative methods is done by the ECVAM (European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods) and the Joint Research Centre.

currently are allowed only 3 specific toxicity tests (by repeated use, reproduction, and toxicokinetics) which triggered the ban in 2013 on condition that within that time validated alternative tests are available.

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Fatigue

I'm reacting badly to this year.

Muscarà" Crispi is a bit 'Bismarck all'amatriciana. "

Class (exit of Peter):" Yeeaah! Pete for president! "
Ema:" Few words, many facts! "

Bramley:" But we finished the tour? "
Gimbo:" The holidays are over, hehe. "
Bramley:" Hehe. I laugh, but you ... you cry. "

Bramley:" First of all we understand that the newspaper article [type of topic] is not what I read in the newspaper ... "
Rain:" The Journal no for sure. "

Scagnelli" 0 / 0 FI ago, for ... form of indecision. I was going to say Forza Italy! "