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History

The first references to the use of animals for scientific purposes can be traced back to Aristotle in the treatise on the Parts of Animals describes in detail the interior and exterior of all animal species, based on dissections of animals .

In the third century BC, the practice of dissection and vivisection on animals is intensified with the medical school of Alexandria.

Galen can be considered one of the most important doctors of antiquity. He led in the second century dissection and vivisection on a number of animal species (monkeys, pigs, cows, elephants, mice, and even cold-blooded animals) as forbade the church to dissect human cadavers.

Since the Renaissance, medicine became an increasingly wide use of animal experimentation in vivo for the study of physiological functions, a field where the autopsies were not human enough. Andreas Vesalius, anatomist and physician, said pigs living on the functioning of nerves. The searches were conducted on the blood circulation for a long time by many scholars on various animal species: Colombo practiced vivisection on dogs to study the pulmonary circulation, and W. Harvey came to an understanding of the mechanism 'through dissection and vivisection of animals of different species.

last two decades 800, Louis Pasteur proved the germ theory of medicine by giving some anthrax in sheep by running the experiment result to demonstrate the effectiveness of vaccination, and about ten years after Ivan Pavlov used dogs to describe his theory of conditioned reflex.

Insulin was isolated for the first time in dogs in 1922, revolutionizing the treatment of diabetes. In 1967

Barnard, South African surgeon, made the first human heart transplant in the world.

To arrive at this result experienced revolutionary years of heart transplantation in animals performing the operation on more than 50 dogs and monkeys.

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In the seventies, multi-drug antibiotic treatments for leprosy were developed through testing of armadillos. In 1996 Dolly the sheep was the first living cloned from an adult cell.

In 2007 the American geneticist Mario Capecchi, Martin Evans and colleagues along with Oliver Smithies, won the Nobel Prize for Medicine for his studies on embryonic stem cells. The research of three scientists have led us to define the technique of gene targeting. The technique has been developed through the experiments on the knockout mouse, a genetically modified mouse in which some genes are rendered inoperative, and was then isolated (knocked out) by the body to which they belong.