Funny 35th Birthday Invitations

Alternatives

for "alternative method" means all procedures that reduce (or even replace) the animal experimentation but also to limit their suffering. A

suggest this possibility was the law of the 3 R developed by Russell and Burch to make more ethically acceptable animal testing.

1) replacement (replacement): Identifies the substitution, where possible, animals with less complex biological materials (bacteria, cell cultures, isolated organs, in vitro), computer models, videos, movies,

2 ) Reduction (reduction): implies the largest possible reduction in the number of animals used for achieving a particular experiment also study results as accurate. This can be achieved by standardizing the animal population which is the main factor of variability of results;

3) Refining (refinement): refers to the search for ever more specific experimental procedures can minimize the pain and stress caused to animals used;

biological methods:

This category includes all the "in vitro methods for testing of new drugs. There are two methods to study in vitro, parts of bodies living:

images from Google

1) maintained in vitro: It consists in extracting from the animal (human or nonhuman) The relevant part (pieces tissue, organs, whole apparatus) and keeping the cells in a position to survive but not reproduce;

2) In vitro culture: This consists of taking small pieces of tissue and place immediately in an appropriate environment for not only the survival of cells but also their reproduction;

non-organic methods

With the advent of technology all data of the experiments are stored in the computer and analyzed using mathematical and statistical procedures, the results will be expressed in numbers, graphs, or words. In addition, computer simulations can predict the biological effects of some compounds and also monitor the interactions between different organs and tissues, with the previously reported biological methods would not be able to assess;

The epidemiology and statistics prove to be effective in the study of diseases. While epidemiology studies the frequency and distribution of epidemic phenomena (diseases) in the population, statistics is concerned with the processing of numerical data derived from a group of individuals (often at a relatively specific disease in reference to a given area);

Modern imaging techniques (eg CT and MRI) are used in the study of human brain instead of experiments on primates.

addition, computer simulations of experiments are able to provide, through mathematical models and software, the biological effects of some chemicals.

In some areas, the animals have already been completely replaced as in the case of crash testing and teaching (where you use models, videos, cell culture etc.)..

As for the toxicity testing in the cosmetics industry, the use of animals will be banned completely in 2013.

However, not all methods without animal testing will be used as provided by law, but only if they are valid, that is declared reliable (reproducible in time and in different laboratories) and relevant (relevance and usefulness of the procedure).

The validation process required by European legislation, lengthy and complex, have slowed the introduction and spread of possible alternative approaches.