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Birth of the convention National

be the beginning of 1800 was almost Masons a necessity in the United States to pursue a political career. The lodges enjoyed a certain immunity, probably because the list of Masons also included George Washington and other important personalities of the revolutionary period. Public skepticism toward the Masonic practices were widespread, but it remained latent for a long time. In 1826 William Morgan, a former Mason of Batavia, in upstate New York, which threatened to write a book revealing the secrets of the brotherhood, he disappeared mysteriously. The disappearance of Morgan shook public opinion. The trial against the alleged perpetrators ran aground soon. Masonic leaders refused to cooperate with investigations. Fellow Masons Morgan, suspected of the crime, managed to avoid further legal investigations. In consequence of these facts, the hostility of the people against the masonry broke loose. The Masonic lodges were accused of exercising undue influence on policy, not set out a hidden power democratically, encouraging their followers to the detriment of transparency and popular will. After the Morgan case, the Masons were also accused of killing their domestic opponents with impunity.

In 1828, in the wake of these events, came the anti-Masonic party. Despite its name, the new party had the sole purpose of fighting the Freemasons, but aims to become a national party. He called the common man, opposed to the privileges, elitist tendencies are still strong and all forms of secrecy. It is also opposed to various forms of immorality and abuse, and slavery. Between 1828 and 1831 the party was spread throughout New England, upstate New York, Pennsylvania and the Mid-Atlantic areas. In many places, was the main opposition to the Jacksonians. He received some good local and national election results, including two representatives in Congress and 53 governorships. Presidential election of 1832 got 7.8% [4] of the popular vote, winning and winning in Vermont 7 electors.

the blow from the anti-Masonic movement of Freemasonry was very strong, so that the accession to the lodges New Yorkers took to 80% in ten years between 1826 and to 1834 the number of lodges fell by 90%. Many Masons secessionists joined the anti-Masonic causes. The rapid decline of Masonry was parallel to the decline in the anti-Masonic party, which saw a blur of the main reasons of his political battle. In 1833 the party was already weaker, and in 1834 contributed, along with the National-Republican Party and other opponents of Jackson, the Birth of the Whig Party.

since 1828 and in the first half of 1830 the anti-Masonic party gave a great impetus to the spread of the system of conventions, at all levels, as a system of organization party and candidate selection. At the anti-Masonic party was responsible for the first national convention of the story, which took place in September 1830 in Philadelphia, and gathered 96 delegates from 11 states. Each state was entitled to a number of delegates equal to the number of its electors. The convention approved an appeal to the people who had all the characteristics the modern platform, the document adopted by the national convention, which sets out the guiding values \u200b\u200bof the party and positions on important issues of the campaign. It is, in effect, an electoral program indicative non-binding. The appeal of 1830's anti-Masonic denounced the practices of the Masonic lodges, antidemocraticità their privacy and the danger it poses to young American democracy. It aimed to "defend the rights, and laws of the country's most sacred treasures of freedom from the terrible threat" Masonic. Proposes to abolish the Freemasons, with democratic methods, and doing so in a way that could no longer regroup. They said that the best and safest way to drive the Masons from holding public office was that of voting. Qualcunque reject system that was not the consensus of the polls, the ballot papers, the only way that the anti-Masonic conoideravano moderate, safe enough. Masons invited the brothers to abandon their lodges and to embrace the anti-Masonic cause in defense of common interests.

After hurried up the main themes of the party, the National Convention of 1830 adjourned to the next year, to nominate candidates for president and vice presidential elections 1832. The second anti-Masonic convention was held in September 1831 in Baltimore, Maryland, and brought together 116 delegates from 13 states. The majority required by the anti-Masonic candidate for President was to appoint the three-quarters of the delegates, but the favored candidate, William Wirt, a former mason, was almost unanimously nominated on the first ballot. In addition to appointing the vice-president candidate, the convention created a national committee responsible for organizing the campaign and repeated the contents of the paper adopted the year before.

The implementation of a national convention, in a context of navigation and communication difficulties as one of the first half of 1800, represented a huge advance. The National-Republican Party immediately recognized the validity of the new system to designate the presidential candidates and held a national convention in December 1831, three months after the anti-Masonic convention. In the absence of clear rules for selecting delegates, some states made them choose the state convention, the other caucus state, and others to mass gatherings. At the Republican national convention attended by 168 delegates from 18 states. The presidential candidate was nominated Henry Clay. It was adopted a real paper, but an appeal to the population Jackson criticizing the administration. The following year the young nationalist Republicans convened their national convention in which approved a real paper containing specific proposals as well as Jackson criticized the administration.

In 1832 the Democratic-Republicans also convened a national convention to express faith in the Jacksonian democracy of mass [5]. The convention gives to each state a number of votes equal to the number of its electors, and adopted the two-thirds rule, whereby a candidate to be named, had to obtain two-thirds of the votes of the convention. The votes were held, as now, to state delegations. One member of each delegation report to the House the results of the vote of his delegation.

The Democratic National Convention met in late May. The outgoing President Jackson had already received the investiture of a large number of state parliaments, so that was not formally appointed by the convention, which passed directly to the appointment of the vice president candidate. The convention did not approve any policy document or appeal to the population. Commissioned State committees to organize the campaign in their respective states. Jackson was confirmed as president in elections by a wide margin.

Shortly after the Democratic-Republicans simply called themselves "democrats", a name that kept forever. The convention of 1832 may be rightly conoiderata the official birth of the modern Democratic Party. With the confirmation of Jackson Democrats began a period of domination of American politics that lasted until the Civil War: between 1828 and 1860 had the presidency for 24 years, checked the House of Representatives for 24 years and the Senate for 26 years. In contrast, after the defeat of 1832 the National-Republicans, poorly organized, ceased to exist and their members came together largely in the new anti-Jackson party, the Whigs, which was officially born in 1834.

The birth of the National Convention was a milestone in the process of nomination of candidates for the presidency. The convention finally passed the "king caucus", always surrounded by the suspicion of intrigue and machinations, put down the oligarchies autoinvestitesi the appointing authority removed the last remnants of aristocratic tendencies typical of the first period of the republic, made a more complete separation of executive from legislative power. By convention, the choice of presidential candidates was no longer the preserve of members of Congress. Finally, the convention fostered the cohesion of parties around the candidates nominated.

Because of communication difficulties and the large geographical distances separating the various states of the Union for almost a hundred years the convention was the only occasion on which the party leaders from from remote areas could meet and interact personally, know their views, to assess the positions of each one, reach compromises to resolve disagreements. It allowed broad participation in the activities of the party, not under the control of Congress. Despite a series of initial doubts and criticisms, and ups and downs later, the convention still exists today. It was never adopted any specific legislation on: the convention is a spontaneous product of American political discourse.

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[4] Unless otherwise specified, the source of the data on election results from 1824 to 1992 used in this book is Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Elections , Third Edition except rounding.

[5] The main source of data used on the work of the national conventions of major parties, including up to 1992, is Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Elections.