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Birth popular convention [3] At the second party system

At local level the transition from the method of the caucus of the convention took place long before at the national level. Already in 1800 the Republican Party held a state convention in New Jersey. The tendency to replace the caucus with the convention quickly spread, and helped to increase the movement of opposition to the congressional caucus.

The origins of popular convention can be traced in evolution caucus of the colonial club we mentioned above. In pre-revolutionary period, some of these meetings are rapidly converted into large assemblies. They attracted people interested in forms of protest and demonstration. Participation in these gatherings grew especially after the Stamp Act of 1765, by which the American colonies to the British Parliament imposed a tax on all legal documents, newspapers and even playing cards, to finance the maintenance of military presence. The American reaction to the Stamp Act was a prelude to revolution. In New England, during the revolution, the mass meetings were convened to iron out differences of opinion around the patriotic cause.

The county convention was born in New England after the revolution. In the northeast of Jefferson's supporters were a small minority, outnumbered numerically by Federalists John Adams. In the parliaments of those states were represented by a small number of representatives and senators. The state Republican caucus, the assembly which was to bring together those few MPs would not have had the necessary authority to decide the nominations for local offices. Alternatively, an early form of his way to the county convention. It was a mass rally extended to the county level, in which the supporters of Jefferson selected a list of persons to be candidates for state offices. Subsequently, the state Jeffersonian parliamentary select the official candidate of the party that is in your list, make sure at this point to reflect the popular will. The Jeffersonian faction, who presented himself as the party of the masses and accused the Federalists to have elitist tendencies, so began the process of opening to the people. The system spread rapidly in the Mid-Atlantic region and experienced the greatest success in the states of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Delaware in the early nineteenth century.

Those gatherings of supporters were called "caucus". Even today, the word caucus is used to describe the mass rallies of supporters of a party. In truth, the system just described could be called so as convention caucus, because he had some characteristics of both features and some of the other, but it was neither the one nor the other. Citizens were invited to make direct decisions on the issues of the party, such as applications. This is a consultation system made of a single pass, still used in some states for particular purposes, which we will discuss later.

Soon enough the kind of consultation was divided into two steps. In the year 1790 in upstate New York were held mass meetings to select delegates to county conventions, but had only a limited purpose or designated special candidate. In the 1820s politicians Crawford County, Pennsylvania, had the idea to organize mass rallies of supporters of the party in each city where the county was divided. In these caucuses, the people chose their "delegates", to be sent to the county convention. The county convention in turn, nominated candidates for elective office in the county.

The method invented by Crawford County, that the mass meeting, or caucus, combined with the county convention, quickly spread throughout the Pennsylvania, and later in several other states, north and south. Pretty soon, the county convention began to be used to choose delegates to county conventions to be sent to a state party. The step that separates the state convention by the national convention would seem short, but we must take into account the difficulties of communication and movement of those years.

The multi-level system so organized is called the caucus / convention. It remained for decades the backbone of the parties and the key instrument to regulate public participation in political life. The caucus is the mass rally where supporters choose their representatives to send to the convention, those delegates. The convention is the assembly of delegates and the highest authority of the party. It decides on all matters of the party. In particular, decide on the rules, including rules of the caucus and the convention itself, and to nominate candidates for public office. In some cases, the convention of a layer has the task of choosing convention delegates to send to the next higher level, which has responsibilities similar, related to the level of party organization.

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[3] Main source: Richard E.Berg-Andersson, An Historical Analisis Of The Presiden-TiAl Nominating Process, TheGreenPapers.