Water Retention Mirena Coil

The Birth of the first factions

In 1789 we held the first presidential elections in the United States. The candidates were not appointed in a formal way, because the parties did not exist. Even the factions were clearly defined. The entire process of nomination and election was held within the college of electors.

According the Constitution, each state chooses, in the manner it deems appropriate, a number of electors equal to the number of its representatives in Congress (deputies and senators). The electors shall meet in their respective states and vote. The results are transmitted to the President of the Senate, which should be counted in the presence of deputies and senators. The set of electors is called "electoral college". According to the original version of the Constitution, as amended, any large voter was entitled to express two votes for two different people, with the proviso that at least one of they came from a state other than the voter. He was elected president the candidate who obtained the most votes, provided it was also an absolute majority of the electoral college. He was elected vice-runner.

In 1789 in five states the electors were chosen by state parliaments, without any form of popular consultation, through elections in four states, in two states through a combination of the two methods. Two states had no right to any large voter, because they had not yet ratified the Constitution . in states in which they voted, the vote was subject to important restricted under the land.

George Washington, which enjoyed a broad consensus among the public, was unanimously elected by the electors. John Adams was elected vice president fairly easily, even if consent had not enjoyed equally indisputable.

The period was marked by the emergence of the Washington Bureau of the first factions. They are not yet characterized as political parties themselves. In the years before 1797, could distinguish between two main factions, a government, gathered around the Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton and the Vice-President John Adams, and the opposition, gathered around the Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson and Representative James Madison. The faction of Hamilton and Adams was also known as the Federalist and its roots in the movement who had fought for a stronger national government than that provided by the Articles of Confederation ratified in 1781, to overcome which had helped write the Constitution 1787 and worked for its ratification. The Federalists were for a strong national government that balanced the power of states for a broad federal economic policy, modernization, development of industry and trade, protectionism that favors economic growth the country, for the creation of the Central Bank of the United States. They were inclined to interpret the Constitution broadly, so as to expand the powers of Congress. President Washington could not be placed in any faction or party, though, for the pro-government position of the federalists, some scholars include in that faction.

Opponents of the U.S. government had initially called by their opponents Antifederalists, in reference to the movement that a few years earlier had opposed the ratification of the Constitution. This name remained in history books, even if it is improper to call members of Congress Antifederalists serving in the Federal Government of the Union after swearing allegiance to the Constitution. In any case, opponents of the administration in Washington were convinced that the true essence of the Federal Republic was the defense of state sovereignty against the abuses of the federal government. Were opposed to the modernization of Hamilton and the central bank, in favor of the agricultural economy of plantations and farms. Represented primarily the interests of rural hinterland, defending individual rights, fighting for a strict interpretation of the Constitution, so as to limit the powers of Congress. The members of the faction "Antifederalists" were convinced that the loss of autonomy states could distort the republic. They feared that the president would become a monarch in a short time and that the central government would have transgressed the rights of individual citizens.

After the ratification of the Constitution of the political dialectic between the two sides produced a result of decisive importance for the history of the United States: the first ten amendments to the Constitu-tion, which constitute the so-called Bill of Rights ( Bill of Rights), today cited the Constitution and most often identified with it. The Charter of Rights was ratified at the end of 1791. It specifies the limitation on the power of Congress. Defend citizens' individual rights such as freedom of speech, press, association and religion. Establishes the right to bear arms. Forms prohibits unreasonable search, seizure and punishment. Prohibits the deprivation of life, liberty and property outside the law. Prohibits the obligation of self-incrimination and double trial for the same offense. Guarantees the right to a fair trial, public, of reasonable duration, with an impartial jury.

The Federalists controlled the Congress until 1800. In the elections of 1792 confirmed the presidency of Washington was granted, but the two factions were divided on the name of running mate. The Federalists supported John Adams yet. Madison and Jefferson organized factions of opposition in Congress and called themselves "Republicans". Documented statements of both Hamilton and Jefferson testified that in 1792 there were already a federalist party and a Republican Congress. Jefferson's Republicans have no links with the modern Republican Party, which came much later.

In October of that year a group of Republican leaders met in Philadeplhia and chose a running mate alternative to Adams, the New York state governor George Clinton. That meeting of Republican leaders is a cornerstone of American political history. Not yet a congressional caucus itself, but is the first example of a meeting between political leaders for the nomination of a candidate. It exceeds the Electoral College, and officers began the history of the process of nomination of candidates in the United States.

Washington was unanimously reelected President, Vice President Adams was confirmed with 77 votes and Clinton won it 55. The competition for the vice presidency was now evidence that the parties were born.